迈阿密佩雷斯艺术博物馆景观：设计塑造弹性
项目说明 PROJECT NARRATIVE基地描述迈阿密佩雷斯艺术博物馆（PAMM）位于大西洋和大沼泽地荒野之间的脆弱地带，佛罗里达州的迈阿密是国际化高密度的大城市，经常作为海平面上升导致的“零地带”而被提及。开放于2013年面积达200,000平米英尺的博物馆距离比斯坎海湾只有75英尺，馆内收藏着著名的美洲艺术作品。宽阔的平台和高高的遮阳格栅向建筑物的外缘延展出去，增加了博物馆室外展览和集会的空间。这一地点从19世纪末期一片水汪汪的长满红树林和泰来藻的荒地，转变成被挖开的深水区及一系列失败的建造在垃圾填埋场上的海岸公园。PAMM位于离海边很近的博物馆公园内，这座新近规划完成的公园面积为8.5英亩，由两座博物馆组成。PAMM的景观面积约4.5英亩，包括车库、室外平台和周边的绿化。穿过海湾至东侧，向博物馆远远望去，那里有一片独特的房屋建筑群，立在没入沙洲的桩柱上。西侧，大沼泽地荒野为观测多种微气候提供了不可多得的条件，在那里，随着仅仅几英寸的水面高度的变化，环境也变换多端，或茂盛或衰退。这种丰富的、野生的、不可预测的自然条件，为PAMM的建筑和景观设计贡献了灵感，为解决海平面上升这一全球性威胁，设计师们提出了杰出的具有应变能力和弹性的设计案例。该项目的工作范围包括设计水平景观及对80根悬吊柱体的绿化进行协助设计。其目的是沿着海滨打造一个美丽而平静的场所，让人们探索艺术、自然和手工艺。通过提供各种各样的环境服务，同时限制对宝贵资源的过分利用，PAMM将对自然的侵损降至最低。可持续性元素该方案运用一个复杂的方式来管理理水、车辆和生态系统，无论在愿景还是实施方面，它是名副其实的跨学科团队驱动下的可持续设计的典范。雨水、海水、冷凝水的管理是关联到几乎所有其他方面的关键性因素。空调和灌溉由建筑自身为平台提供阴凉的遮阳格栅和漏斗形的海水和雨水储排系统来提供，为游客和植物提供舒适的亚热带室外环境。由于靠近比斯坎湾，艺术博物馆建在高于洪水和飓风异常水位最低要求10英尺的平面上，如此一来停车场可以被设置在博物馆的下方。这一安排促成了一项前所未见的设计，即将停车、将灌溉系统隐藏在下方的植被层、临时性的储排水设施和蓄水补给层整合在一处。车库、道路和雨水花园使用创新型透水地面，能收集雨水，将其分散至地下。如此一来减少了局部的洪水，使其流泻到比斯坎湾，大大降低了基础设施的支出。设计和施工团队的通力合作和对细节的关注使得多维度的可持续举措能够协同工作。这一项目最近获得了LEED金级认证，景观设计可谓功不可没。设计方案PAMM的建筑设计表现混凝土的原始质感，为与几何形的建筑形体形成对照，并对其进行补充，景观设计师选用原生的植物来展示景观的原始性。南佛罗里达州葱郁的热带树木、灌木、地表和藤本植物在水平地面层上，同更正式、且经过艺术设计的从上方悬吊下来被植被覆盖的柱体形成鲜明的对照。景观的物质性被解构，用以展示大地最基本的形态，其中也包括停车场和小路上的碎石。碎石铺就的停车场有两方面的功能。从车辆驶入的那一刻，碎石的声音和肌理表明一系列丰富的体验即将到来。同时，这样的表面还被设计用来减缓和过滤雨水，促进渗水和补给，并确保风暴过后能快速恢复，这一独特的建造方式需要来自城市方面的特别许可。设计师用预制混凝土带来限定停车的空间，同时在电梯附近设置了可达的混凝土停车区。穿梭在植被间的碎石小路连接起两座博物馆、公园和迈阿密的海滨长廊。简单的材质的组合（混凝土、碎石和丛生的植被）用以在各个空间及其凌乱边界实现无缝流畅的切换，且随着时间的推演，使其逐渐变得模糊并最终融为一体。这种灵活的设计方案对业主来说非常有价值，因为它使得室外展览的轮换更为容易，且能预防周期性的洪水，并在过后能快速地恢复过来。原本受限颇多的悬挂花园的设计概念得到拓展，包括使用智能水系统和对动物更友好的本土植被体系，二者与雨水收集和空间冷凝水灌溉系统恰好能结合起来。大型的灌溉容器被隐藏在植被覆盖着的护坡下，护坡周边是停车场。十棵大型的树木被保存下来，如今成为雕塑公园中的聚焦点。新物种根据于其在全光照和全阴影，以及南佛罗里达州交替性的海水淹没、高盐度的风、干旱以及过度降水等严酷气候条件下的存活能力来进行选择。博物馆种满植物的室外平台和周边景观作为永久和临时性艺术展的背景而存在。地面层和平台上的景观使用自然主义的种植风格。植被的质感渐次过渡，从建筑外模仿原生栖息地的南佛罗里达亚热带本土植被，到建筑附近混合型的热带植物，最后到位于停车场和博物馆平台上更精雕细琢的充满异域风情的泛热带植被。精心设计的景观序列始于博物馆车道，后者通向地下停车场，在那里，意想不到地布置着让人惊艳的植物景观。序列一直延续到地上，包括80根被植被包覆着悬吊下来的柱体，葱郁的平台，和雕塑花园中不断变换着的景观。基于上方南北走向的格栅，为了确定最佳的种植区域，设计师进行了复杂的复合型阴影研究。研究的变量包括：一天中的时间、一年中的日期、植物的类型、土壤厚度的可用性以及从通过上方画廊窗口向下看时的视线通廊。地下景观塑造了令人惊奇的环境，阳光通过台阶间和平台上的缝隙流泻进来，水漏过平台落下来形成雨幕或者连绵不绝地滴滴答答。种植在停车场上的树木，穿过平台，将博物馆一层的游客笼罩在树冠之下。广泛的植物组合充分利用了南佛罗里达州过渡带的特点，美国南部温带气候和加勒比热带气候在这里交叠，为设计师提供了多种多样的合适的物种。64,033种植物有策略性地摆放组合在一起，用以构成景观、固定斜坡和吸收多余的水分。此外，景观被打造成为具有弹性和生物多样性的栖息地而非植物展示园区。耐寒、耐盐的椰子树沿着海湾形成第一道绿色的屏障。沼泽低处的Fakahatchee草和落羽杉构成了耐涝的雨水花园。沙丘上的海滩牵牛逐渐过渡为离海岸较远的高地上的热带硬木。架空的城市轻轨从基地的边缘穿过，提供了一个鸟瞰栖息地的视角。景观和建筑设计基于透气、透光、透水和生态功能等概念，非常具有灵活性。这种灵活性为水、植物、路径和动物的迁移提供了条件。该项目展示出即便是在城市环境下，栖息地的再生和荒野的开垦仍然是可能的。事实上，在未来的几十年，开垦荒野将成为景观设计师重要的工具，面对瞬息万变的自然，我们要做有弹性的设计。△ 高密度的迈阿密市区横跨大西洋和大沼泽地荒野之间的脆弱地带。面对海平面上升带来的不确定的因素，PAMM提供了一个重要的具有弹性的设计模型。Densely urban Miami straddles a fragile line between the harsh wilderness of the Atlantic Ocean and the Everglades. PAMM provides a critical model for designing for resiliency in the face of an uncertain future, where sea level rise looms large.
Photo Credit: ArquitectonicaGEO ©
△ 左：沿着海湾，耐风、耐盐的椰子树构成了第一道植被防线。重新得到恢复的沼泽形成蔓延海岸的栖息地，从低处耐涝的雨水花园植物到高处离岸较远的热带硬木，栖息地内聚集了多个物种。
left：Wind and salt-resistant coconut palms form the first line of vegetation along the Bay. The recreated native hammock expands habitat and includes lowland rain garden plants tolerant of saltwater inundation, ranging to upland hardwood hammock plants farther from the Bay.
Photo Credit: ArquitectonicaGEO ©△ 右：铁路藤是典型的生长于南佛罗里达州沙丘上的物种，它与建筑硬朗的边缘形成鲜明的对比，同时为当地的野生动物提供了一块原生的栖息地，向公众展示着宝贵的原生态系统。
right：Classic South Florida dune plantings of railroad vine and grasses provide an attractive contrast to the hard edges of the building, and offer yet another native habitat to support local wildlife, illustrating our valuable ecosystems to the public.
Photo Credit: ArquitectonicaGEO ©
△ 穿梭在原生植被间的碎石小路连接起博物馆、公园和海滨长廊。伴随着雕塑公园内艺术作品的轮换和自然事件的发生，几个空间的边界将逐渐消失，为游客营造沉浸式的游览体验。
Stabilized gravel paths throughout the native plantings provide accessible connections between the Museums, park, and waterfront promenade. Edges are intended to blur over time in response to disturbance from sculpture rotation or natural events, allowing an immersive experience for visitors.
Photo Credit: ArquitectonicaGEO ©
△ 左：图为博物馆入口层的平台，大面积遮阳板下种植着葱郁的耐阴植物。花园的灌溉用水来自空调冷凝水和收集的雨水。所种植物对空气盐度有较高的耐受力。
left：View toward the museum at entry level deck with lush, shade tolerant material located below the generous shade slats. Gardens are watered with recycled A/C condensate and captured rainwater. Plants were chosen for their high tolerance to salt air.
Photo Credit: ArquitectonicaGEO ©△ 右：博物馆入口平台上茂盛的植物为艺术展览、课堂、就餐、游轮观赏提供了独特的背景。平台上以及悬吊下来的植物是多种泛热带物种的混合，包括耐盐性的加勒比热带物种和佛罗里达本地亚热带的物种。
right：Lush plantings on the Museum deck form a unique setting for art displays, classes, dining and cruise ship watching. Deck and hanging plants are a vast mix of pan-tropical plants that include salt-tolerant Caribbean tropical and Florida subtropical natives.
Photo Credit: ArquitectonicaGEO ©
△ 基于上方格栅的方向性，为了确定最佳的种植区域，设计师进行了复杂的复合型阴影研究。研究的变量包括：一天中的时间、一年中的日期、植物的类型、土壤厚度的可用性以及从通过上方画廊窗口向下看时的视线通廊。
Complex composite shadow studies were conducted to determine optimal planting zones based on orientation of the overhead trellis. Variables included: time of day, calendar date, type of plants, soil depth availability and view corridors from upper gallery windows.
Photo Credit: ArquitectonicaGEO ©
△ 停车层的大台阶以一种不寻常但又非常实用的、本地化的方式展示植被，在游客从停车场前往博物馆入口平台的过程中，为他们提供独特的景观。
The grand staircase from the parking level showcases plants in unusual, normally utilitarian locales, providing a glimpse of the unusual landscapes to come as visitors ascend from the parking garage to the Museum entry deck.
Photo Credit: ArquitectonicaGEO ©
△ 左：在博物馆上方的格栅之下，葱郁的植被占据了三个层次：地面停车层，博物馆入口平台和自上悬挂下来的空中花园。跟周边的栖息地和雕塑花园加在一起，总的景观面积接近4.5英亩。
left：Within the Museum’s overhead trellis, lush plantings occupy three levels: ground/parking level, Museum entrance deck, and the hanging gardens. With the surrounding habitat and sculpture gardens, the total landscaped area is approximately 4.5 acres.
Photo Credit: ArquitectonicaGEO ©△ 右：该图展示出博物馆下方独特的停车设计。架空的博物馆体量保护艺术品不受风暴潮的影响，并将停车和储排水设施安置在体量的下方。护坡将灌溉系统的水箱隐藏起来。
right：This view shows the unique arrangement of parking below the museum. Elevating the museum protects art from storm surge, and allows for the combined services of parking and detention/infiltration facilities. The berms conceal cisterns for the irrigation system.
Photo Credit: ArquitectonicaGEO ©
△ 植被的灌溉使用储存的雨水和空调冷凝水。晨光透过台阶间的高差和平台上的缝隙流泻下来。
The parking garage drive aisle utilizes plants that thrive in low light conditions to provide ‘ambiance’ in surprising locations. Supplemental irrigation is provided from stored storm water and A/C condensate. Morning light streams through stair risers and gaps in decking.
Photo Credit: ArquitectonicaGEO ©
△ 碎石停车场的表面用于减缓和过滤上方平台的雨水，或暂时性地储存风暴时涌上来的潮水，促进渗透和补给，确保风暴过后能快速地恢复如初。
The gravel parking garage surface is designed to slow and filter stormwater running through the deck above, or temporarily hold storm surge water, encouraging infiltration and recharge, and maintaining the ability to quickly recover after storm events.
Photo Credit: ArquitectonicaGEO ©
△ 左：多层次的景观是一个动态的、五彩缤纷的、艺术性的绿色基础设施。水平和垂直方向上的景观元素让建筑，乃至碎石和混凝土停车场更加具有吸引力。
left：The multi-level landscape is a dynamic, profusion of color, art and green infrastructure. The horizontal and vertical landscape elements complement the architecture, even to the gravel and concrete parking surface. Diagonal connections between the planted columns add hurricane stability.
Photo Credit: ArquitectonicaGEO ©△ 右：从博物馆入口平台看向比斯坎湾和Bicentennial公园。悬挂下来的花园和平台植被由更加多彩且具有异地风情的植物构成，向外慢慢过渡至排布更加自然的原生植被。
right：View from the Museum level deck and plantings, towards Biscayne Bay and Bicentennial Park. The hanging gardens and deck level plantings are composed of more colorful and exotic plants, while plantings trend toward natural arrangements of native plants extending outward.
Photo Credit: ArquitectonicaGEO ©
△ 花园是一个展示雕塑的场所，灯光将建筑、植被和艺术作品照亮。博物馆同相邻的公园和海滨走廊无缝融合在一起，为未来海滨的开发提供模型。
The garden serves as a sculpture setting, with lighting designed to highlight the building, vegetation and art pieces. The Museum grounds blend seamlessly with the adjacent park and waterfront promenade to serve as a model for future coastal development.
Photo Credit: ArquitectonicaGEO ©
Site DescriptionThe Perez Art Museum Miami (PAMM) rests on a fragile line between the Atlantic Ocean and the densely urban Global City of Miami, Florida, frequently referred to as “ground zero” for sea level rise. Open since 2013, the 200,000-square-foot museum sits only 75 feet from Biscayne Bay, housing an acclaimed collection of art of the Americas. Wide decks and tall trellised shade structures extend far past the edges of the building, increasing the Museum’s exterior display and gathering areas.The site has transitioned from a watery mangrove and turtle grass wilderness in the late 1800s, to a dredged deep water port, to a succession of failed waterfront parks over landfill. PAMM lies closest to the water in an 8.5 acre two-museum complex within the newly re-imagined Museum Park. PAMM’s landscape is approximately 4.5 acres, including garage, deck and surrounding plantings.Across the Bay to the East, within distant view of the Museum, lies a unique community of renegade houses on stilts over submerged sandbars.To the West, the Everglades wilderness offers remarkable insights into the various microcosms that thrive or decline based on shifts in water elevation measured in mere inches. This rich, wild and unpredictable setting provides inspiration for both architecture and landscape at PAMM, offering exceptional examples of adaptive and resilient design to address the global threat of sea level rise.The project scope involved designing the horizontal landscape, and assisting on the design of 80 planted, hanging columns. The goal was to provide a beautiful and serene location along the waterfront to explore art, both natural and manmade. PAMM treads lightly on the environment by providing myriad environmental services, and limiting overuse of precious resources.Sustainability Elements This project takes a complex approach to water, vehicular and ecosystem management, and is a true example of multidisciplinary team-driven sustainable design, in both vision and implementation.Water management became the key feature that informed almost every other decision, whether from rain, sea or condensate. Air conditioning and irrigation is provided by the building itself through high trellised structures that shade the decks, and funnel sea breezes and water to make the subtropical exterior setting comfortable for people and plants.Because of its direct proximity to Biscayne Bay, the Art Museum was built on stilts 10 feet above minimum flood and hurricane storm surge requirements, allowing the parking garage to be placed below the museum. This arrangement facilitated an unprecedented design that integrates parking and planting beds with irrigation system water and temporary storm surge storage, stormwater infiltration, and aquifer recharge. The innovative porous-floored parking garage, gravel paths and native plant rain gardens are designed to capture and funnel rain water into the ground. This reduces local flooding and storm water runoff into the Bay, and limited expenditures on stormwater infrastructure.Collaborative efforts by the design and construction teams, and careful attention to detail allow the multitude of sustainable layers to work in concert. The project recently earned LEED Gold Certification, with the landscape contributing significantly to that designation.Design Program While PAMM’s building has been designed by the client to express the raw material of concrete, native plants have been chosen to display the raw materials of our landscape as complement and contrast to the geometric architecture. South Florida’s lush subtropical trees, shrubs, groundcovers and vines spring from the horizontal ground plane in vibrant counterpoint to the more formal, artist-designed hanging planted columns. Landscape materiality is deconstructed to exhibit Earth’s most basic forms, including gravel in paths and parking garage.The stabilized gravel parking garage was designed with two functions in mind. From the moment of entry, the sound and texture of gravel signifies that a rich sequence of experiences is yet to come. The surface is also functionally designed to slow and filter stormwater flow, encouraging infiltration and recharge, and maintaining the ability to quickly recover after storm events, a unique approach requiring special approval from the city. Precast concrete bands define parking spaces, and accessible concrete parking pads are provided near the elevator.Stabilized gravel paths throughout the native plantings provide accessible connections between the two museums, the adjacent park, and Miami’s waterfront promenade. The simple palette of materials (concrete, gravel and a profusion of plants) is designed to offer seamless transitions between spaces, with messy edges that blur and meld over time. This flexible design approach is valuable to the client because it allows easy rotation of exterior displays and anticipates periodic inundation, enabling quick recovery from disturbance.The originally-limited landscape concept of formal hanging gardens was expanded to include the use of water-wise, animal-friendly native plant material, in conjunction with systems that capture rain water and A/C condensate for irrigation. Large irrigation cisterns are concealed within the planted berms that surround the parking garage. Ten large trees were preserved, and now serve as focal points and anchors in the Sculpture Garden. New plant material has been chosen based on ability to survive full sun or full shade, and the harsh climate of South Florida, which can alternately provide saltwater, heavy salt wind, drought and excessive rain.The Museum’s planted exterior deck and surrounding landscape serve as a canvas for permanent and rotating art displays. A naturalistic planting style is used throughout the ground level and museum deck level planters. The plant material progresses from South Florida subtropical natives mimicking endemic habitats outside the building, to a mix of tropical plants adjacent to the building, and finally a more constructed, pan-tropical and exotic palette within the garage and museum deck planters.The choreographed landscape sequence begins on Museum Drive, which leads to the underground parking garage, and a surprising display of plants in unexpected locations. The sequence continues above ground with the spectacle of 80 hanging, planted columns, the lushly-planted deck, and the evolving discoveries within the sculpture garden.Complex composite shadow studies were conducted to determine optimal planting zones based on a North-South orientation of the overhead trellis, in contrast to an East-West orientation.Variables studied included: time of day, calendar date, type of plants, soil depth availability and view corridors from upper gallery windows.The underground landscape offers an astonishing environment that capitalizes on the air and sunlight streaming through stairwells and deck perforations, and water cascading down rain chains or dripping through decking. Trees planted at garage level rise through the decking, placing museum level visitors within the tree canopies.The extensive plant palette takes advantage of the South Florida ecotone, an area of overlap between the temperate biome of the southern United States, and the tropical biome of the Caribbean, permitting an extraordinary selection of appropriate plant material. 64,033 plants are strategically placed to frame views, stabilize slopes and absorb excess water. Additionally, the landscape is arranged by habitat for resiliency and biodiversity, rather than botanical display. Hardy, salt-tolerant Coconut palms form the first line of defense along the Bay. Lowland hammocks with Fakahatchee Grass and Bald Cypress form rain gardens tolerant of extended inundation. Sand dunes with Beach Morning Glory and grasses transition to upland tropical hardwood hammock farther from the Bay. The elevated Metromover offers a bird’s-eye view of various habitats as it traverses the edge of the site.The landscape and the building have been designed to be flexible, based on the concept of porosity to air, light, water, and ecological function. This flexibility by design permits the migration of water, plants, paths, and animals. This project demonstrates that habitat reclamation and the cultivation of wilderness is possible, even in an urban setting. Indeed, the cultivation of wilderness will be a critical tool for landscape architects in the coming decades, as we design for resiliency in the face of an uncertain future.
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